Meat Loaf

Two Out of Three

Tony Orlando & Dawn

He Don’t Love You

Eagles

Take It To The Limit

You can spend all your time makin’ love

Or you can spend all your love makin’ time.

Squeeze

Tempted

Lyrics: When I fall in love. It will be forever

American Idol Covais

Dan Fogelbeg

Missing You

THREE TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
There are three types of muscle tissue:
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle is also called striated muscle because of a striping pattern that is observed microscopically. Skeletal muscle is the muscle that makes up the muscular system and moves bony levers to cause body movement. Skeletal muscle is described to be voluntary, as it is under voluntary, deliberate mind control.

Cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle is a specific muscle of the beating or contracting heart. Cardiac muscle is considered to be involuntary and it even generates its own repetitive contractions. Cardiac muscle can be conrtolled indirectly by voluntary methods, such as thinking angry or frightning thoughts or exercising.

Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle lines the walls of hollow organs, airways and arteries. Smooth muscle contractions are involuntary (e.g., peristalsis during digestion).

MUSCLE METABOLISM
ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) is necessary for muscle contractions to occur. ATP is available from the following sources:

Free ATP floating in the intracellular fluid of the muscle cells allows a few seconds of muscular contraction.

ATP from creatine phosphate, which transfer its phosphate group to ADP to form ATP. The creatine phosphate stored in muscle cells allows for about 15 seconds of muscle contraction.

ATP from muscle glycogenolysis when glycogen stored in muscle cells is broken down to glucose and the glucose is metabolized by cellular respiration. Most rapid in the early stages of exercise.

ATP from plasma glucose and fatty acids during prolonged energy requirement comes from glycogen stored in the liver and fat stored in the liver and adipose deposits througout the body.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Cellular respiration is defined by three major metabolic pathways: Anaerobic Glycolysis, Anaerobic Respiration and Aerobic Respiration.

Anaerobic Glycolysis
Glycolysis without the presence of oxygen that metabolizes glycogen (yields 3 ATP) or metabolized glucose (yields 2 ATP). Pyruvate is an end product and when there is no oxygen available to accept Hydrogen ions, the pyruvate must accept the Hydrogen ions and convert to lactate. Note that glycolysis can also be considered the first step in Krebs Cycle of  Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Aerobic Oxidation (Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain)
Aerobic Oxidation or oxidative phosphorylation can use carbohydrate, protein or fat as a substrate to produce ATP. The Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain are two combined processes that occur in mitochondria. Oxygen is the final acceptor of hydrogen ions to form water H2O. This process yields 36 ATPs from glucose and 38 ATPs from glycogen. Fat metabolism or beta-oxidation can yield over 100 ATPs, as each fat molecule is cleaved 2 carbons at time to form acetyl CoA, which enters the Krebs Cycle. Beta-oxidation also occurs in the mitochondria.

FIBER TYPE
Type I (slow twitch) fibers are fatigue resistant and are more active during lower intensity, longer duration activities.

Type II (fast twitch) fibers contract and develop tension more quickly than Type I fibers. Type IIA fibers are good force generators and have some of the endurance feature of Type I muscle fibers. Type IIB fibers are powerful contractors, but have lower capillary density, myoglobin content, mitochondrial density, triglyceride storage, and oxidative enzyme activity,

Fiber type varies according to individual, leaving some individuals with a genetic tendency toward endurance activities and some toward high-speed intense strength activities. Even among individuals of either type, certain muscle groups present a certain type characteristic muscle fiber type. For example, the transversospinalis group of the back; which include rotatores, interspinales, intertransversarii, semispinalis, and multifidis; are primarily Type I muscle fibers designed for endurance core stabilization action for the spinal column. In the calf muscle, the soleus tends to be slow-twitch (Type I) and the lateral and medial gastrocnemius tend to be mixed fast-twitch and slow-twitch.

American Medical Response has added a $250,000 bariatric unit to its fleet in Las Vegas, Nevada. The ambulance is a little wider than a regular ambulance, has a larger stretcher/gurney and includes a winch and ramps with a 1,600-pound capacity.

In a six month period, AMR responded to 75 calls involving patients over 600 pounds in Las Vegas.

AMR originally placed this type of ambulance — a Type III ambulance with a box-type patient compartment and a van cab — in service in the Evansbille-metro area. With a reported increase in the number of transports of very large patients, Deaconess Hospital offered financial assistance to acquire the ‘Specialty Transort Unit’ ambulance.

Anatomy is the study of the structure of tissues and body parts. Physiology is the study of the function of body tissues and body parts as they function for a whole living organism. The Exercise-Reports.com Anatomy & Physiology section is designed to promote understanding of anatomy and physiology in relationship to exercise, human performance, adaptation, recovery and rest for active people.

Anatomy and Physiology are the sciences historically most associated with the field of Medicine. References to Anatomy studies go as far back as 1600 BC and 460 BC. The latest major contributor to Anatomy from ancient times was Galen in the 2nd century. Following  the Middle Ages, the Renaissance brought an increase of physiological research in the Western world that triggered the modern study of anatomy and physiology. Anatomist William Harvey described blood circulation in the 17th century, demonstrating the combination of close observations and careful experiments to learn about the functions of the body, which was fundamental to the development of experimental physiology. Herman Boerhaave is sometimes referred to as a father of physiology due to his exemplary teaching in Leiden and textbook ‘Institutiones medicae’ (1708).

In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate, most notably with Matthias Schleidan and Theodor Schwann’s “Cell theory” which radically stated in 1838 that organisms are made up of units called cells, along with Claude Bernard’s (1813-1878) many discoveries that ultimately led to his concept of, interieur (internal environment) which would later be taken up and championed as ‘Homeostasis’ by American physiologist Walter Cannon (1871-1945).

Exercise Physiology is a 20th century advance of Physiology that concentrates on the physiology of the human body under stress of exertion and how the body maintains homeostatis under stress. Experiments in Exercise Physiology are often devised to gain understanding on the best methods to improve physical performance, gain muscle mass, lose fat weight, improve speed, improve strength, and prevent illness and injury.

The muscular system includes the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. There are approximately 640 skeletal muscles within the typical human. However, the exact number is difficult to define because different sources group muscles differently. Sources vary total muscle count from 640 to 850. Skeletal muscle connects one bone to another and when the muscle contracts, one bone usually remains stationary and one bone moves about a joint axis. In some cases the muscle is connected to another muscle or skin and causes motion. Many muscles work together with other muscles to cause a coordinated motion of bone levers. The prime mover is the main muscle that causes a defined motion. Synergists work with the prime mover and may stabilize or assist the prime mover for smooth body motion. Antagonists are muscles that work in the opposite direction of the action of the prime mover. Muscles have stretch receptors and tendons have stretch receptors (Golgi Tendon Organs) that provide feedback on the state of muscle tension and proprioception. An antagonist that is too tight can hinder the prime mover’s performance in an activity. Optimal performance of muscles involves just the right combination of the feature set of prime mover’s, synergists, and antagonists.  The feature set includes muscle tension, muscle strength (force of contraction), muscle relaxation, muscle shortness, muscle length, reactivity to stretch, and weakness or strength due to the length-tension relationship of the muscle. The optimal muscle action also helps joint safety to prevent excessive compression, distraction and wear and tear of a joint.

The muscle belly lies between an origin and an insertion. The origin is attached to the stationary structure, usually a bone. The insertion is attached to the movable structure, usually a bone.

Muscle names originate from the following:

Action:
flexor, extensor, abductor, adductor

Number of origins:
Biceps, Triceps, Quadriceps

Location of origin or insertion:
brachioradialis, sternocleidomastoid

Location:
rectus femoris, brachialis, temporalis

Size:
palmaris longus, extensor pollicis brevis, gluteus maximus

Shape:
Deltoid, Trapezius, Rhomboideus Major, Serratus Anterior

Direction of Muscle Fibers:
Rectus femoris (parallel to femur), external oblique abdominal muscles, transverse abdominal muscles

Keywords:
How many muscles are in the Human Body? About 640.